Chenna ngailoh ram fan thu ka han ziak teh ang, chu hmun chu ka chenna mai nilo ka hnathawhna hmun a nih tak avangin, ka hai haipawr law law ang e. University Of Kalyani tih a ni a. Kalyani tih hi thil tha ti, hmasawnna lam a kawk deuh awm e. Kum 1960 a din niin Bengal University neihah chuan campus nei zau ber dawttu a ni a. Faculty of Arts and Commerce-ah hian Department 25 an awm a, Faculty of educationah 2, Faculty of Science-ah Department 26, Faculty of Engineering, Technology and Management-ah Department 20 an awm a, Centre 13 a nei bawk. Zirlai naupang awmna tur hi Hostel 10 a awm a, he university hnuaiah hian College 44 lai mai an in affiliate bawk.
Wednesday, December 16, 2015
Monday, November 16, 2015
Alcohol and MNF (excerpt from my article understanding Power)
Mesmerised with the talk of Mizo
nationalism and champion of the people as claimed by the MNF, the people
expected the ministry to embark on a journey of the fulfilment of their hope
and aspirations. However, the new ministry had to sail on a raft tide of new
political order. MNF acted as a symbol of Mizo sub-nationalism and their
political ideology based on self determination (Nunthara 1996:218). This is
what built the structures of power in MNF regime. With the passage of time,
their leader Laldenga started to face a problem regarding the liquor permit and
on internal conflict within the party. On liquor issue, the MNF while underground
vehemently fought against the country liquor and IMFL (Indian Made Foreign Liquor).
The popular opinion during the time was that the social evils which were
rampant in the days were caused by consumption of liquor as access to it was
easily made available. At that time the Church was totally against the permit
of Liquor. The MNF who came to power were expected to restrict or prohibit
Liquor permit which was permitted during the Congress (I) regime in 1985. The
war waged by the MNF against liquor from below the ground was still fresh in the
minds of the public. The Chief Minister Laldenga publicly announced that he
would consent public opinion on the policy to be adopted on the issue of permit
for sale of liquor. On 16th April 1988 prominent social leaders, Village Council
members of Aizawl town, representatives of the Young Mizo Association (YMA) and
Mizo Hmeichhia Insuihkhawm Pawl (MHIP) were invited to discuss in the issue of
Liquor at Vanapa Hall. The invitees attended with the expectation that Zu
(liquor) will be restricted by any means. On the contrary, the Chief Minister
stressed on the need to obey law and order. The meeting resulted in general
frustration and grumbling reaction of the audience, unhappy with Laldenga the
crowd departed.
The MNF circulated a Letter to the
Parents No V of 1988. The pamphlet showed that the MNF had collected views and
opinions from some 3000 people with regard to the issue of permit for the sale
of liquor. Their survey showed that majority of the people wanted a rigorous
control be exercised on liquor instead of resorting to its prohibition. The
church leaders met the Chief Minister in relation to the question on liquor and
the government accused the church leaders on encroaching upon the jurisdiction of
the Government. The ideology for which they were championed “For God and the Country”
started deteriorating with the authoritarian attitude of their leader. The
church leaders having left with no option gave up negotiating on the issue,
leaving the matters to the will of God. When the MNF Ministry fell the Church
leader characterised the event as “an answer by God to the prayers of the
Church on the liquor issue”.
Wednesday, November 11, 2015
A thar leh thin...
Thlasik rim a lo nam a, khua a thiang thin khawp mai. Ka ngaihtuahna-ah ilo lang a, hun kha leh chen chen kha damchhung kanlo chhiar chho a nia tiraw! Hun hi alo vei chak em, kei a hun erawh kan hmanlai nun kha ala ni e. Zing takah ka phone ri ral ral kha mut chhuak takin ka ban a, i aw ngei a nih ka hriat khan ka lawm a, min kai thotu ka haw phal lo che. Enge kan tih dawn kha... thil enge maw ka hmuh dawn che tiin min tiam a nih kha. Tha tho takin ka tho a, ka in tihfai hnuin hun reilote chhungin ka han hmuta che a. Ka mithmuh a la mawi ber mai ka hmu a, ka ta i ni tih kha ka dawn thiamlo a, awmze awmlo takin ka nui ringawt mai a ni. Ni e, kha mi ni a kan tuanna zawng zawng kha hman ni chu ka han fang leh a sin. Thingbuk hnuai a kan thutna hmunte kha a lo la danglam miahlo... amaherawhchu a kal a chu keimah chauh ka ni ta sia. Hlim taka min hmuh tak lehkhabu kha ka keng a, i thuziakte a ngai ngaiin a lo la awm a, mahse nangzawng i awm tawh silo. Ralkhata vaiho tha tholo taka kal dem demte tih chauhlo chu an awm tawh silo. Thihna kut rawng tak maiin a man bik che hi ka run tak zet a. Ka mal lutuk hi i ngai ngam bik em ni le?
U-ama lo thleng tur hi ka phurlo, ka chaklo, ka zuamlo takzet a ni. Hun kha han herlet thei ila, hlim taka kan lenlai nite kha ka her tir ang a, kal tawhlo tawp turin ka han chelh tur a. Nimahse hun leh ni-ah te hian thu kan nei der silo a, tiraw...
Wednesday, September 9, 2015
BOOK REVIEW: Lai Chieftainship and Its Impact in Politics
BOOK
REVIEW:
Author: Dr. Jangkhongam Doungel
Publisher: Balaji Publications, Delhi
Pages: 312
Price: 995
Here
is the book that will illuminate the whole of our understanding to a Political
history of Mizo in India's Northeast. This book is much more than the usual
book of history and Polity. It serves as a great inspiration and support for
scholars to take up this new theme for reconstruction of Mizo History and
Polity. Of all the books I have read it has taken me the longest to finish
reading! The book gives a description of the Lai chiefs and how they have
influenced politics. It also contains a rare picture of the greatest of the Lai
chiefs, Lalluaia Chinzah. The book is consisting of merely 312 pages, laid down
in 7 chapters, contains a preface, acknowledgements and 4 maps to aid the
reader in understanding the contents of the book. One notices the amount of research
work done from the explanation of abbreviated terms, glossary and pictures of
people the author interviewed, placed towards the end of the book.
Although
a profile of the author has been given on the cover of the book, I feel that
the book itself gives a true reflection of the thoughts and personality of the
author. As readers of Soren Kierkegaard's works often find themselves
identifying with the characters of the books. The tone and language used by the
author reflect how much he has immersed himself into the events in the book and
how they would relate to the readers. It is common knowledge among researchers
how rare it is to find a good source for materials. Upon looking at the
references of the book, one notices that the author obtained nearly five pages
worth of primary sources. This is highly commendable since it is a shows a mark
of how trustworthy the book is. There are also several secondary sources (not
the ones written by the English but recent ones written by Mizo authors).
Unlike the normative fashion of replicating the documentation of prominent
historians and others, this book is expected to hold its originality. This
expectation is fulfilled from the first chapter.
The
first chapter being an introductory to the main body and methodology of the
entire book, it is written in an orderly fashion, tracing generally, the
origins of the Lai people. Their migration from the south of China towards the
west, settlements around the Chindwind river circa 750 AD and their subsequent
migration from there towards the west of Chin Hills. Their settlements in Chin
hills marks an important era for the Lai history. For it was here that an
organised record of the chiefs was established. The author mentions the might
of the Lai people. Their conquests include the Chin Hills, Lushai Hills
(Mizoram), Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bagha and Silchar, the plains of Burma and
southern parts of Manipur. The exemplary administration practiced by the chiefs
gives a clear picture of the lives and identity of the tribe.
The literary review of
the text is well established, the works on the history of the Lai people till
date have been explored with aims of including topics not yet elaborated or
included in the past. The author is careful in providing correct terms and
categories given to places and personal works of others and has placed correct
terms of the incorrect ones given by the British in the past in brackets. This
serves as an easy and helpful tool for researchers in future. From the Post
colonial aspect, this book serves as an authentic text.
The
second chapter shows the emergence of the chiefs among the Lai tribes as
contributed by Pu Henmanga. The earliest evidence pointing to Simpi village
(1400-1500 AD) consisting of 800 houses at the time and from where the first Lai
chief emerged. Though the hows and the
whys of the establishment of the establishment of the village are not clear, it
is clear however that a great chief ruled over the village. From this place,
the people then migrated to Sunthla village and Lailun puk and then to Falam,
Halka, Thantlang and the various villages in the Chin Hills. The villages where
they ruled include Chinzah, Zathang, Khenglawt, Hlawnchhing, Hlawncheu and
Hranglungchung. Besides these the descendants of the Lai tribe, the origins of
the Fanai tribes have also been mentioned.
The
account of how the Lai chiefs migrated to the west is very interesting and has
been mentioned in the book. The Lai chiefs were visionaries and it was their
aim to expand their rule so that their future descendants would be provided
with vast lands and, to glorify the name of their tribe.
This
chapter highlights the existence of Chinzah chiefs who did not belong to the
Khuafo group, were invited by the Mara people to rule over them. The Mara
people called them ‘Chozah'. The Hlawnchhing chiefs of Thantlang were also
invited by the Mara people to rule over them. They were given the tribe name of
‘Hlychho' by the Mara and welcomed to live among them. This shows the
open-mindedness of the Mara people, their ability to recognize the leadership
qualities of a person and willingness to accept them as rulers irrespective of
their tribal origins.
The
third chapter gives an account of the position of the chiefs. The good
relations maintained between the people and the chiefs, the trust placed upon
the chief by the tribe, how the tribe wanted the descendants of the chiefs to
rule thus adopting the ‘hereditary system'. Hence, the descendants of the
chiefs took upon themselves to not only uphold the status of royalty but also
seek to maintain the respectful mannerisms fit for royalty. When I first read
the book, I might have felt the author exaggerating in certain parts, however
as I progressed along, I began to see and accept the light from which he has
written the text. He calls the manner in which the chiefs ruled
"Chiefdom". This is quite similar to the medieval structure in Europe
during the same period in history. The chiefs collected taxes from the other
chiefs under their protection and would defend them in times of war. How the
Lai chiefs who came from the Chin Hills made several tribes succumb to their
power, rule over them and form of administration is noteworthy and interesting.
This book provides an above/approach view as opposed to a Lusei Centric view of
history, thus, creating a fresh and clear picture of our history. This is again
possible due to the methodology employed, reliable and organised manner in
which the author gathered his sources.
The
fourth chapter relates the coming of the British and how they influenced the
status of the Lai chiefs. Three important points are seen here. The origins of
the Lai chiefs, how the coming of the British the Lai chiefs were overthrown to
the status of commoners and the account of a famed Chinzah chief Dokulha
Chinzah. The author has intertwined these three points but instead of leading
to the confusion it provides a clearer picture.
Initially,
the British government wanted avoid meddling in the business of the hill
people. However since killings of their workers began to occur frequently,
punishment for the crimes and to serve as an example to other tribes they
established their dominion over them. The various Zohnahthlak tribes opposed
and strove to resist the dominion. Amidst this resistance, the struggle of a
single man Dokulha Chinzah is noteworthy to be placed in the ranks of the other
freedom fighters struggle for Indian independence or Colonial resistance.
Dokulha
Chinzah was the much-respected chief of Fungkah village accused of killing
Muslim man. His resourcefulness and the loyalty to his subjects are worth
remembering. Whilst being imprisoned at the jail, he learnt Bengali and Hindi
and even wrote a letter to the British authorities to protest against the
accusations thrown at him. Another famous correspondence with the British
authorities is the letter written by chief Khamliana to the ‘Kumpinu'. With
certainty one can claim Dokulha to be an intelligent man and as expected he has
been mentioned on the 84th page of the Indian Martyrs book released by the
Ministry of Education and Social Welfare, Government of India.
After
the British dominion, the decentralisation policy of Chieftainship was
established, and because of this, commoners began to gain the status of
royalty. These new chiefs were- Tlangchhan, Aineh, Fanchun, Nutlai and
Tlanglau. However of these, Tlanglau hnamte was previously given permission to
rule in certain hill areas by their chief Vanhnuaihlira Hlawncheu, as he along
with his people left their land to expand their conquest in lands as far as
Bangladesh.
In
the fifth chapter the author writes about the end of chieftainship and
alongside traces the fate of the Lai people. The British felt that the Lai and
Lusei people shared some common features regarding their history and culture
and thus to serve their convenience often clubbed them together in matters of
different affairs. Due to this the Chin Hills Regulation 1896 was implemented
on both the Lushai Hills and Chin Hills. However, after the British left India,
the Chin Hills came under the jurisdiction of Burma and Lushai Hills under the
Indian Union. The British observed that the Zohnathlak hill people were
different and thus excluded them often from the various administrative and
political reforms. In the years between 1937 to 1947, these areas were declared
Excluded Areas and the Inner Line Regulation was implemented for the Lushai
Hills on 28th August 1930. These two laws enabled the Hills to be an exclusive
area where outside people could not gain easy access to, thus providing
protective measures from assimilation from the people inhabiting the plain
areas. The author also points out that if such measures had not been taken,
they're fate would be similar to that of the tribal people of Tripura who have
now become a minority in their own state.
To
cut the long story short, the Zohnahthlak people gradually became educated. A
desire to end the reign of chiefs and establish a government formed by the
people was a rising sentiment. This brought about the founding of the Mizo
Union on 9th April, 1946 with permission granted by MacDonald, the
superintendent of Lushai Hills. Despite the internal struggle for leadership
within the Mizo Union, they shared a common interest which was, ending the
reign of chieftainship. This in fact became the slogan during election. To
counter the Mizo Union and their policy, another party emerged, the United Mizo
Freedom Movement (UMFO) in 1947.The chiefs in hopes of regaining their rule and
position sided with the UMFO. They tried their upmost to win the hearts of
leaders and the common people. At the end, the chieftainship of Mizo chiefs was
ended in the year 1954 and in the Lushai Autonomous district Council on 1st
April 1955 and in the Pawi-Lakher regional Area on 15th April, 1956. Thus, a
long rule by the chiefs was replaced by Village Council.
A
careful reading of the book unravels how the descendants of the chiefs
continued to take a keen interest in the politics of the people. As advised by
LL Peters who replaced MacDonald, the Paw-Lakher Tribal Union (P.L.T.U) was founded.
The hard work and perseverance of the leaders were rewarded with the formation
of the Pawi-Lakher Regional Council in 1953, a year after the formation of the
Lushai Hills Autonomous District Council (1952).
The
sixth chapter tells us that despite being stripped of their titles, the power
and influence of the chiefs did not change much. The chapter also mentions
several successful Lai politicians. The author has included excerpts of his
interview with these noteworthy politicians offering the reader a glimpse of
their ideas and thoughts. By having the ownership of the land, the chiefs were
highly concerned in matter of progress and development of the land. Their
descendants are still considered to be wise in several matters. Amazingly, even
after the abolition of titles, the people still included them in the workings
of the government. This is one of the several points where the Lai tribes
differ from the Lusei tribes. However this is not unexpected as the descendants
of the Lai chiefs were one of the early educated individuals. This is seen from
the list of names of high ranking officials listed in the book. Not all the
outcomes of the change in administration were positive. Under the Land Revenue
Department, individual ownership of lands was enabled. Those who had money
could acquire vast areas of land. Those who were poor or did not have any
authority were often not in possession of land. As a consequence the land
suffered and it became a responsibility for the N.G.O's to protect the land.
The people of the tribe continued to prefer the descendants of the chiefs to
become members of the village council or District council.
This
book has brought several thoughts to my minds such as the similarity of the
dynastic politics of the mainstream India and ‘Lalchhungkua' of Mizoram, will
this pattern be conducive for the wellbeing of future generations. This book
also gives detail of the origins of tribal politics and the direction it is
taking.
Just
like any other book, this book is not beyond criticism. Careful reading and
analyses brings to mind some criticism. Misprinting and repetition of same
points have confused me regarding some matters mentioned. The English language
is simple and research standard is high. The book encompasses the qualities of
hard work, perseverance. I also observe that the author maintains objectivity.
The book has proven to be a true treasure for in the history of Zohnathlak in
general and Lai in particular.
Monday, June 29, 2015
Isua neih ka duh zawk!
Ni e, hringnun kawng chhuk chho-ah hian sum, ropuina, hmingthanna te hian min
va ti buai nasa em. A ban pha a piangte'n kumkhaw hlimnan ang hmang
silo. Kan dai vekte hian a hnu-ah kan nun a vaw let a, duhthlanna siam thiamlote chu nataka hliamin kan awm thin. Pathian hian min hmangaih em em a, hetiang ngawt kan nun kan daibuak hi a phal ka ringlo. Khawvela kan nawmna tur a kan beisei sum leh paite hi nei tam em em mah ila, mihlim ber kan ni chuanglo a, pe chhuak hnem a piang an hlim mai thin. Kan damchhung atan chauh a ni a, hrisel loh phei chuan neih am chuan kawngro a su em em lutuklo a, kan hlimpui zo chuanglo. Sum neih mahila inchhungkhur a nawm siloh chuan awmzia a awm lo bawk, sum nei tam mah ila kan ngaihzawng leh kawppuite nen kan inrem chuan siloh chuan nun nuamlo tak a ni tho. Nulat tlangvalna lamah theihtawpin tlan mah ila reilote-ah a sawhkhawk alang a, a nuam ziktluak silo. Khawvel-a kan damchhan, kan nihna sawifiahna ber tur chu Isua Krista-ah hian a ni. Amaherawhchu Ani kan neih avang hian kan harsatna leh mangannate kha a lo bo ta duak pawh a ni lemlo a, nun dan min zirtir zawk a ni. Kan nun a thil tum hi hausa takleh hlim taka awm tir hi a ni lem chuanglo a, chatuan nun nei tura min hruaina kawng a, Amah kan lo an theih nan Thianghlimna kawng a min siam chhoh zel hi a tum a ni zawk. Thenkhat chuan sumdawng rilru deuh hian Isua an bel thin, he khawvel a hausak a min siamte, hlawhtling taka min siamte hi a tum a ni lemlo a, chatuan nunna kan neih theih nan Amah nitin min hnaih tir zel hi a tum a ni zawk.
Chuvang chuan duhthlanna dik tak hi thlangin chatuan a kan chan tur hi thlir zawk ila, sum leh pai leh hmingthannate hi chu kan dah pawimawh lo zawk ang. Heng zawng zawng dam chhung ropuina lem ai chuan Isua neih ka duh zawk i ti theuh ang. Damchhan tha tak kan nei theuh si a.
Friday, June 12, 2015
Preview LAI CHIEFTAINSHIP AND ITS IMPACT IN POLITICS - Dr. Jangkhongam Doungel
Malsawmdawngliana
Lailung
He
lehkhabu hi awm khauh hauh si lo, ka lehkhabu chhiar tawh-ah chuan ka chai rei
ber a ni! He lehkhabu ngei mai hi ka mutpui a, ka thutpui a, ka teipui chiam
bawk, buaipui tham a ni takzet. A chang chuan ngaihtuahna tam tak min neih tir
zui a, chumai a ni hleinem, mumang ramah min um zui zel bawk nia! Mihring te lo
hlut zia leh hnam a din kan nih hlutzia min hriatnawn tir a, ka keu nawn sek
mai a ni. 2014 khan Donbosco hnuaiah NEC tumin “Minorities History and Culture
in Northeast India” tih Project tiin ‘Lai Culture’ zirin kar engemaw zat lai
mai Research team hruaiin Lawngtlai leh Saiha lamah kan va thang a, chuta ka
rualawhna chu “Laifate hian chanchin ziahna an la nei tam lo hle mai saptawnga
ziak lek phei chu a beitham hle a, hmanhmawh taka neih a tul” tih kha a ni. Kan
History leh Culture te hi vawnhim nachang kan hriat loh chuan hnam ropui taka
min dintu lakah kan mawhphurhna kan hlenlo a ni ang. Heng vawnhim leh dahthat
a, chhiar nawn fo hi kan hnam darthlalang, hnam dangte min enna tur leh keimahni
ngei pawh kan in ennawn fo na tur a ni. Laifate tan a rotling tur Prof.
Doungela’n a han sualchhuak (a ziah chhung rei leh ngun em avangin) hi lawmna
tur a va tam em.
Lai lalte chanchin leh Politics a nghawng dan zirna a ni bawk a chhiar ti chakawm
turin Lalluaia Chinzah, Lai lal zing a ropui ber pakhat chuan a kawmah hian min
nghak van mai a, chhiar a ti phurawm hle. A bu pumpui hi phek 312 a ni a, bung
sarih-ah a then sawm a. Heng bakah hian kamkeuna (Preface), lawmthusawina
(Acknowledgement) mumal tak te, a bu chhung thu chhiar a ngaihtuahna a cham tur
Map 4 lai mai a dah bawk a. Research work tha tak a nih lan theih nan Lamtawi
(Abbreviations) hrilhfiahna te, Saptawng nilo thu hman sawifiahna (Glossary)
leh a interview mi thenkhat thlalak leh thlalak dangte a hnunglamah rem takin a
a tlar thla diat bawk. He lehkhabu chhutu hi Balaji Publications, Delhi a mi te
an ni a, a man pawh Rs. 995/- man a ni. Chuti a nih chuan phek khat hi Rs. 3
paisa 18 vel a ni ang. International Standard Book Number (ISBN) a chuang vang
mai a, hei hi a awmzia ber chu he lehkhabu hian helai mai nilo British Library
thlengin a fang dawn tih hi a ni. Chuti a nih chuan Laifate chanchin hian a va
dengthui dawn em, lawmna chang hre tan chuan lawm veng vengna tur a ni.
A ziaktu
chanchin lehkhabu kawm hnung chhungah a in ziak ngei mai a, kei erawh chuan a
lehkhabu ziahah hian a nihna chu a lang chiang zawk mahin ka hria. Mithiam
Soren Kierkiegard an thuziah chhiar tu te’n a chungchang ziahna an chhiarin a
tawpah an mahni chanchin ziahna a ni tih an hrechhuak a, tih te pawh kha ka
hrechhuak lawi a. He lehkhabu ziaktu pawh hian a tawngkauchheh hman danah amah
aiin a thuziah leh a chhiartute a ngaipawimawh hle tih a hriat theih. Research
ti tawh te chuan kan ziahna tur source neih harsatzia hi kan hre theuhawm e. A
source en hian Primary sources phek nga chuang list a nei a, hei hi thil mak
deuh a ni. Research methodology-ah chuan First hand information/sources
(Primary sources) neih that hi lehkhabu rinawm leh rinawmloh tehna ber pakhat a
ni. Secondary sources (sap ho in min ziah sak leh a hunlai nilo tunhnu a ziah
lehkhabu te) tam tak a tlar bawk a. Tunlai research thenkhat mi ngaihdan ngai
bawk lakkhawmna (Documentation) ngawt ai chuan idea originality nei tur a he
lehkhabu ngaih a ni. Chu chhanna chu chapter khatna-ah hian mumal takin kan hmu
nghal a ni.
Bung
khatna-ah hian a lehkhabu ruangam tur leh a ziahdan (methodology) te sih hmawr
hmuh kan ni a. Laifa te tobul a tlangpui a rawn ziak a, China chhim atanga rawn
thlang tla, Chindwind luipui kam a 750 AD vel a cheng tawh leh chumi hnu a Chin
Hills a thlang tla ta zelin a rawn tarlang a ni. Chin Hills an awm lai hi Lai
history-ah chuan hun/hmun chhinchhiah tlak tak a ni a. A chhan ber chu Lal
mumal taka an neih record awmna nih vang a ni. Laifate ropui zia a ziak lang
hlek bawk a. An lalna ram chuan Chin Hills mai ni lo, Lushai Hills (Mizoram),
Chittagong Hill Tract te, Baga leh Silchar te, Burma phaizawl leh Manipur chhim
lam thleng a a huam thu a sawi bawk. A bikin lalte in relbawlna ropui leh
inkhai diat thlap mai chu hnam identity sawifiah tu leh khaikhawm bertu a ni.
Lehkhabu lo ziak tawh te thlirna (Literary review) fumfe tak a nei bawk a,
Laifate chanchin lo ziah tawhna leh a ziaktu te’n an hrilhfiah dan te tlangpuiin
a hrut chhuak a, chuta an la ziah tam loh leh hmaih te thlirna tlang hran
atanga thlir chu he lehkhabu in a tum ber pakhat a ni. A ziaktu hi terms and
categories kan tih mai hmun hming leh thumal ziah kawngah a fimkhur em em a.
Ziaktu hmasa a bikin British ho thuziaha thumal hman dik lo kha dik takin a
rawn ziak chhuak a, sapho lo hman tawh te bracket-ah a ziak zel bawk a. Hei
hian research la ti duh tan kawng awlsam a siam a, history ziah belhchiandawl
(authentic) tak a nih tir bawk a ni. Post Colonial reading atanga thlir phei
chuan he lehkhabu hi sang tak a ni. Chapter khat chhiar hian lehkhabu tlangpui
a hriat nghal vek theih a, a ziaktu hian eng tarmit nge a bun tih pawh awlsam
takin a hriat zui theih bawk.
Bung
hnihna-ah hian Laifa te’n Lal an lo neih tan dan a chhui tan a. Lai hnam te hi
Zohnahthlak pakhat Tibeto-Burman pengkhat hnam ni in thawnthu pakhat lung/puk
atanga lo chhuak angin a sawi a. Hei hi hming hrang hrangin Zo hnahthlak te
chuan an vuah a ni (Chhinlung, Shinlung, Khul, Khur, Khro, Puk etc). Lal an lo
neih tak dan ngaihnawm tak mai Pu Henmanga ziah chu a rawn thur chhuak a, chhui
hlat theih berah chuan Simpi khua (1400-1500 AD) in zariat lai mai dinna chu
Lai khua hmasa ber ni a ngaih a ni a. He khua lo in din dan leh achhan erawh
chu sawi lan nilo mahse lal ropui takin a awp thu kan hmu a. He hmun atang hian
Sunthla khua-ah leh Lailun puk kan tih-ah te chuan an pemthla a, heta tang hian
Falam te, Halkha te, Thantlang leh Chin Hills khaw hrang hrangah in taidarh ta
ni a sawi a ni. Tlang hrang hrang a lalna chang lalte hi- Chinzah te, Zathang,
Khenglawt, Hlawnchhing, Hlawncheu leh Hranglungchung te ni. A bikin
Hranglungchung hi chu Zathang atang peng khat a nih avangin sawi hran a ni meuh
lo, Zathang lalte ang a sawi tho ni bawk. Heng mai bakah hian Lai hnam zingah
Fanai lal te to bul ziahlan a ni bawk a. Zathang leh Chinzah te hriatpuina in
1700 AD khan Thatinkuala chuan Rungtlang khua (Halkha bul) ropui tak a din a.
Fanai hnam te chuan Lushai (Mizoram) an pem thlak hnu-ah pawh lal mumal tak nei
zelin Lunglei district Mizoram hmar lam a mi hi Fanai Tlangdung (Hill Range) ti
a koh a ni. Fanai hnamte hi dep a awm an nih avangin Lusei hnam zerang (customs
and tradition) tam tak in a chiah hneh a, Lai hnam ni mahse a hnu deuh phei
chuan Lai hnam-ah an inrin lut ta mang lo a a ni.
Lai lal
chite thlang an rawn tlak dan hi a ngaihnawm hle mai a. Lai lalte hian hmathlir
thui tak an nei a, an awm hmun bukhuar ringawtlo in an lalram zauh dan chu
mutmawh hnarmawh a an neih a ni. An thlah kal zel te tan ramzau tak leh ropui
tak din chu an tum ber pakhat a ni.
Ram zauh
zel tur a penchhuak hmasaber chu Vanhnuaithlira Hlawncheu niin a ni hi
Chhiahtinkhara Hlawncheu fapa a ni. Ani hian Thlacheu Falam a mi fanu Mangmen
chu nupui-ah neiin inremna ropui tak a siam hmasa te te a. Amah pui bawm turin
Bawm te, Pang te, Tlanglau te, Miria te, Fambawl, Vanphawn te, Hauheng te,
Tuallawt, Bunghai leh Ramlawt hnamte chuan an tawiawm a. He an zinchhuah hma
hian ruai ropui tak an theh hmasa a, hetah hian hlauhawm tawpah pawh inpuitawn
zel turin an intiam hlawm a ni. Vanhnuaitlir-a chuan chhimtuipui dung zawh
zelin Sangau leh Pangkhua a din a. Fambawl ho chu Sangau enkawltur leh Pakhua
chu Pang te enkawlturin a ti a. Thlang lamah tawlh thla zelin Rengtlang khua
chu Chittagong, Bangladesh-ah a din ta zel a. Rengtlang atang hian Tlanglau te,
Bawm te, Pang leh Miri te hi hmun hrang hrangah an kal darh a, Rengtlang lal
hnuaih an kun ta zel bawk a ni. He lai hmunah hian lalram ropui tak an din a ni.
A tum
hnihna chu Phunhnawma Tlangchhan, Bawilawma Tinthe leh Zabiaka Famchun te an ni
a. Hemite hi Chin Hills-a Chawngthia khua a mi te an ni. Chhimtuipui kanin
South Vanlaiphai, Sangau leh Vawmbuk-ah te khua an din a. Heng mi huaisen
tak tak pathum te hi lal chhungkua a mi an ni lem lo a, Zathang lal Halkha a mi
tirh te an ni. 1875 khan Zabiaka Famchun chuan Vawmbuk khua a din a, he khua-ah
hian Zathang lal hriatpuina in ro a rel a ni. A hnu hian Tumcheuva leh afapa
Saitura chuan an awp leh a. 1885 Zathang ho lo thlen thlak khan he khu-ah hian
ro an rel chhun zawm ta a ni. Chutiang ang tho chuan Phuhnawma Tlangchhan hian
theihtawpin Zathang tan kawng a lo sial a, Muallianpui, South Vanlaiphai leh
Cheural-ah khua a din zel a ni. Heta kan hmuh chu an lalte tan an inpek zia leh
an lalte ngei pawhin an tan a rinawm te hnen a that an chhuah zia hi a ni.
A tum
thumna hi Lungzarh atangin Chinzah leh Khenglawt, leh Khuafo atangin Hnialum,
Famchun, Mualchin, Zinhlawng te an ni. He mite zingah hian Tialcheuva Chinzah
chu Lushai Hills (Mizoram) kai hmasa ber leh he ram a thi hmasa ber a ni bawk.
An zingkawng hi a bumboh hle mai a, ram ngaw zau tak dai dar a nih avangin
eitur vaimim te an ching phawt a, eitur an ngah hnu-ah chauh an kal leh thin.
He lehkhabu ziaktu hian an kal ki-kawi em avangin Israelfate’n Kanaan ram an
pan ang mai khan a tehkhin nghe nghe a ni. Kal zelin Champhai, Zopuihmun, North
Vanlaiphai, Lungkawlh, Zotlang, Zawngtetui, Bungzang, Saitual, Thingsulthliah,
Tlungvel, Chhiahtlang, Baktawng, Thenzawl, Mualthuam, Lunglei, Pukpui,
Ralvawng, Thiltlang, Khawngbawk, Perilung, Khuanghlum, Runzawl, Tlangphirh leh
Cherhlun-ah te an thleng thla ta zel a. 1861 khan Cherhlun an awm lai hian
Sailo lal te nen inremna an siam a. Cherhlun atang hian Hausata Chinzah ho in
khaw thar an kai a, in 200 lai niin Lungtian khua chu an din a ni.
Hausata Chinzah kalsan tak a unaupa Hrattlir-a chuan Cherhlun hi a awp
chhunzawm zel bawk. Chinzah lalram chu zauh zel a ni a, Fungkah khua-ah hian
Dokulh-a Chinzah chuan lalna a chang bawk a ni. Mizoram hmun tam zawk-ah hi
Chinzah lal ram a nih avangin Mizoram history atan hian thil pawimawh leh
chhinchhiah tlak tak a ni. Khuafo group ni lem lo Chinzah lal dang an awm a,
Mara te’n an lal ni tur a a bik a an sawm ngat te an ni. An ni hian North
Lushai Hills rawn hrut ve lo in Thantlang atangin ding takin Siaha (Saiha) hi
an rawn pan a ni. An ni Mara te chuan ‘Chozah’ tiin an lo vuah a, a rei tak hnu
phei chuan Mara Hnam zerangah thuk takah an inchiah piah a, Mara Hnam ti a koh
an ni ta hial a ni.
A tum
li-na hi Hlawnchhing lalte Thantlang atang chhukthla te an ni a. Chhuarlung,
Serkawr, Saiha hmun a in khuar te hi an ni. Hlawnchhing hnamte hi Chinzah ang
tho a Mara lal tur a sawm te an ni a. An hnam hming pawh ‘Hlychho’ ti a
vuah sakin Mara te hian an hnam angchhungah an la lut bawk a ni. Hlawnchhing
lal te hi chi hnih a then an ni a, Nithanga thlah te leh Khamreia thlah te,
Iakhai Hlychho hi Nithanga thlah te zing a mi a ni a, Laichi Hlychho hi
Khamrei-a thlah atangin a ni thung. He ta lang chiang chu mahni chipui te mai
bakah an bula mi te pawn an theihna hria a, lal a an iai lo tih hi.
Bung
thumna-ah hian Lalte dinhmun chiang taka ziah a ni a. Lal leh a khua leh tui te
inkar a thatzia te, an lalte an rin zia leh thlah kal zel te pawh lal tur a an
duh avangin ‘hereditary system” hi an nei chhunzawm ni a tarlan a ni a. Chumi a
nih avang chuan lal chite hian lal-na ringawt nilo lalna dinhmun an mizia a an
vawn zahawm zia chiang takin a lang a ni. Ka chhiar tirh khan a ziaktu hian thu
a uar deuhin ka he thin a, amaherawhchu lehkhabu ka chhiar zawh meuh chuan a
thu vuak thlak hi ka tawmpui ve thei ta a ni. Lalte ram awpbeh dan hi
“Chiefdom” ti a sawi fiah a ni a. Hei hi ngun deuh a chhut chuan Khawvel
history a hunlai hawl Europe ram a Medieval structure nen khan a in ang hle a
ni. He mi chungchangah hian “Pre-Colonial Mizoram kha Medieval culture a awm
thei em?” tih hi tun hma deuh khan University-ah kan Professor te nen kan
inhnial (Debate) chiam tawh a. He lehkhabu lo chhuak hman lo hi ka haw ngawt
mai. Hetah hian lal te’n an an thuhnuai a awm lal dang te hnen atanga chhiah an
lak thu te, chu khua ralmuanna chu an mawhphurhna-ah la mi tu emaw in lo do ta
se, an pui mai thin a. Chin Hills atanga an Lai lal ropuite’n tlang hran hran a
an thuhnuai a lal te an uap dan leh an roreldan khaidiat ropui tak hi zir tham
a tling a ni. He lehkhabu hian history atanga thlirna tarmit Lusei Centric kan
tih mai atang khan tarmit thar (Above view/approach) a thlirna min siam sak a,
chuta tanga thlir chuan kan history thlirna hi a lo fiah ta em em a ni. Chumi a
tih theihna chhan chu a hma kan sawi tawh angin ziaktu hian methodology mumal
tak hmang a a source te a rem khawm thiam em vang a ni.
Bung
lina-ah chuan British lo kal hnu-a Lai lalte dinhmun thailan a ni ve thung a.
Hetah hian thil pathum pawimawh tak tak chhinchhiah tur kan hmu a, ‘Lai’
tih tobul chhuichianna leh British lo kal hnu-a lal hnam mi pangngai
(Commoners) te atanga an lo awm tak thu te, Chinzah lalropui Dokulha Chinzah
chanchin te an ni. British ho khan ‘Chin’ tiin an ko a, hei hi official a hman
chhunzawm a ni. Arakan mi te chuan ‘Shendus’ tiin an ko thung a, (Shendus) ti a
an koh te hi Mara hnam pawh a huam a, ngun deuh a zir chian hian Mara leh Lai
hnamte hi tawng emaw hnam zerang-ah pawh ni se an in hnaih hle a ni. Lushai
Hills erawh chuan ‘Pawi’ ti a koh an ni thung a. A ziaktu hian Pu
Henmanga ziah ‘Pawi’ ti a an koh chhan chu ngaihnawm takin a ziak chhhawng a. 1865
khan Hmar lam Sailo lalte chuan Chhim lam Sailote do turin an inbuatsaih a, pui
turin Lai pasaltha te an sawm a ni. He an inbeihna-ah hian Lai pasaltha chuan
“keima pawite” tiin a in hrosa a, hemi awmzia chu “Keimah Keite” tihna a ni.
Lusei pasaltha te chuan a thusawi chu an hriatthiam loh avangin ‘Pawi’ tiin an
sawi tlat mai a, Heta tang hian ‘Pawi’ ti a koh an lo ni ta a ni. Mi tam takin
‘Pawi’ ti a koh hi an duh loh laiin, Chhimtuipui district-a mi thenkhat chuan
pawi an ti lem lo bawk. Dokulh-a Chinzah man a nih khan Lushai lal pakhat angin
record a ni a, hei hi Lushai Hills a lalna chang a nih vang pawh a ni thei ang.
He lehkhabu ziaktu hian a ziahna hmun leh source a zirin a hman pawlh nuk mai
a, buaina tur hranpa a awmlo a, a tifiah zawk mahin a hriat a ni.
He
lehkhabu-ah hian Zohnahthlak hrang hrangte hmun tin a kan intaidarh nachhan
pakhat chiang takin a rawn tarlang a. Sailo lalte chu chhim lam atangin Lai
hnam thenkhat- Zahau, Thantlang (Chinzah), Falam (Tlaisun), Fanai leh Hakha
te’n an hnawt chhuak a. Sailo te chuan Hrangkhol, Biate, Thadou leh hnamdangte
Lushai Hills hmar lam atangin an hnawt chhuak ve thung a ni. Zohnahthlak te pem
dan kha ngun taka chhhut chuan sociologist Ravenstein an hnam hrang hrangte pem
chhan a sawi pakhat ‘push theory’ah khan an khungluh theih a ni. Hnam
chaklo zawk te chu hnam chak zawk te chuan an awmna atangin an nawr chhuak
thin. Lai hnamte hi Zohnahthlak hnamdangte hian an ngam meuhlo ni in a lang a.
Anmahni hnenah hian kumtinin chhhiah an pe bawk thin. British-ho Lai lalte
thuneihna huam chhunga an rawn lan khan an ni tan chuan an ramri rawn dai tu te
an nih miau avangin ngaihtheih chi a ni miahlo a ni. 1850 khan Lusei lalte
Suakpuilala, Vanhnuailiana, Vuta, Lalngura leh Lalpuiliana te chuan British ho
nen Lai hnam te hlauh vangin inremna an siampui nghe nghe a ni. British sorkar
khan tlangmite chu a theih chinah chuan an inrelbawlna a in rawlh loh a tum
hmasa a, amaherawhchu an sumdawnna ram a hnathawkte an thah fo avangin hremna
leh tlangmi dangte tan a zirtirna ni pah fawmin an awp bet ta chauh a ni.
British thuhnuai a kun duhlo tam tak Zohnahthlak te an awmlaiin Dokulha Chinzah
in theihtawp a dodalna hi ngaihnawm tak leh India struggle for independence
emaw Colonial resistance zirna huang zawlah hian dah chi a ni ngei ang.
Dokulha
Chinzah Fungkah khua lal ropui zia leh a khua leh tui te’n an tan zia hi a
ngaihnawm hle. Muslim pa thah chungchanga British thuneitute laka a khua leh
tui te’n an tan zia-ah hian a lang chiang hle a ni. Chumai bakah chuan Jail
atan atanga thiam Bengali, Hindi te leh British thuneitu te hnena an hekna ziak
ngei a khinletna te hi ngun taka chhut chuan mi rilru chak tak leh hawizau tak
a ni tih a hriat theih a. Zo hnahthlak lal zingah hian Khamliana’n Kumpinu hnen
a lehkhathawnte kha kan sawilar viau a, Dokulha hi mifing hmasa Zohnahthlak lal
zingah chuan chhaunawm tak history-a hmun luah ngei ngei tlak a ni. Hei vang
hian a ni ngei ang Indian Martyrs lehkhabu Ministry of Education and Social
Welfare, Government of India chhuah phek 84-na ah chuan a hming hi a chuang
vang a ni.
British
awpbeh hnu khan Decentralisation policy of Chieftainship an rawn hman tak
avangin a hma lal chhungkua/hnam ni lemlo commoners atangin lalna chang an rawn
awm ta thliah thliah a chungte chu- Tlangchhan, Aineh, Fanchun, Nutlai leh
Tlanglau te hi an ni. Amaherawhchu heng zingah hian Tlanglau hnamte hi an lal
Vanhnuaihlira Hlawncheu chuan tlang hran chang a lal turin a phal sak tawh tih
ziak hmasa-ah kan hmu a, an ni hian an ram luahlai chhuahsanin Bangladesh ram
thlengin an lal ram zauh turin an thawk chhuak ta tih kan hre bawk a ni.
Bun
nga-na ah hian a ziaktu hian Lal ban chungchang leh chumi kar lak a Laifate
dinhmun nguntakin a chhui zel a. British sorkar thuneitu te Lai leh Luseite chu
tawng hmangah te, history leh culture-ah te in zul em a an hriat avangin awpbeh
a awlsam nan rorelna zaika dah an rawt fo thin a. Chumi avang chuan Chin Hills
Regulation 1896 pawh Lushai Hills leh Chin Hills-ah hian an hmang nghe nghe a
ni. Amaherawhchu, British ho an chhuah hnu khan Chin Hills chu Burma lamah
dahin Lushai Hills chu Indian Union an dah ta daih a ni. British ho khan
Zohnahthlak tlangmite chu danglam em a an hriat vangin administrative reform a
ni emaw political reform a ni emaw an huam tir ve ngai meuhlo a. 1937 atanga
1947 thleng khan Excluded Area puan a ni nghe nghe a ni. Inner Line Regulation
chu Lushai Hills-ah 28th August
1930 khan hman a ni a. Hemi dan pahnih avang hian ram pawn lam mite chuan Hills
hi an tlawh mai mai theilo a, hei hian phai vaite chimpilna lak a ta a venghim
em em a ni. He a lehkhabuziaktu pawh hian Tripura Tribalte angin mahni ramah
tlem zawk ni in he dan hi zamlo se chuan chimral an ni ve ngei ang tih hi a
ngaihdan a ni.
A tawi
zawngin Zohnahthlakte pawhin lehkha anlo thiam ve ta zel a, Lal paihthla a,
mipui rorelna sorkar din duhna a lo lian tial tial a, chumi vang chuan Mizo
Union chu 9th April,
1946 khan Macdonald Superintendent of Lushai Hills phalna a din a ni a. Mizo
Union hruaitute inkarah thuneihna inchuh inhruipawh awm viau mahse an thurual
tlanna ber chu Lal ban kha a ni, chu chu election a an au hla pawh a ni reng a.
Mizo Union do tur leh an thil tumte thiat tur hian pawl pakhat United Mizo
Freedom Movement (UMFO) 1947 khan a rawn ding leh a, an dinhmun ngai luah reng
tur a sual theihna hmanrua an ngaih avangin Lalte pawhin an thlawp hle a ni.
Theihtawpin mipui mai bakah thuneitu te rilru hneh tumin an thawk a, a tawpah
chuan Mizo lalte banna chu kum 1954 khan puan a lo ni ta a ni. He dan in awmzia
a neih tanna tak tak erawhchu Lushai Autonomous District Council-ah hian
1st April 1955ah
ni in, Pawi-Lakher Regional Area erawh chuan 15th April, 1956-ah a ni thung.
Hemi a nih avang hian hun rei tak lal rorelna chu Village Council chuan a rawn
thlak ta a ni.
Nguntaka
he lehkhabu keu hian Lal zingah hian lal chite hian Politics lamah pawh hnam
tan thehnem an ngai khawp mai. MacDonald thlaktu LL Peters thurawn ngaithla in
Pawi-Lakher Tribal Union (P.L.T.U)chu an din vat a. Theihtawpin thuneitu te
hnenah an thatna turin an bei a, he a thawhrimna avang hian 1952 a Lushai Hills
Autonomous District Council din hnu lawk khan 1953-ah Pawi-Lakher Regional
Council hi a rawn piang ve nghal a ni.
Bung
rukna-ah hian lal ban tak hnu a mipui sorkarna hnuaia lalte dinhmun inphet
hleklo chu chipchiar taka ziah a ni a. Lai Politician hlawhtling tam tak te
thailan a ni nghe nghe. A ziaktu hian nguntakin he politician hlawhtlingte hi
interview a neih pui a, an rilru awm pawh a hriat mai theih phah a ni. Lal
hnamte hian ram lei lung neitu nihna ownership an neih avangin an ram hmasawnna
leh hmathlir thui takin an nei a, hmanlai atanga tunlai thlengin lalthlah te
chu fing leh fel tur a ngaih an ni. An khua leh tuite pawhin mak tak main lal
ban thu awm mahse sorkar kalphung tharah chuan an paihthla duh chuang lo a ni.
Hei hi Lusei hnamte nen a an in anlohna tak pakhat pawh a ni a. A lehlamah
chuan heng lal thlah kal zelte hi mi lehkhathiam hmasa te an lo ni leh zel bawk
a. Hemi ti rinawm tur hian sorkar lam a hnasang thawk tamtak hming he
lehkhabu-ah hian tarlan a ni bawk. Amaherawhchu he administration inthlak hian
thil tha vek a bik lo a, Land Revenue Department hnuai-ah mimalin ram a lo neih
theih ta a, a theih fa te chuan ram tam tak an nei duai duai a, mirethei leh
thuneihna nei ve lo te chuan ram a chhal tur pawh an nei bar ta lo a ni. Ram
suamsam a ni a, hemi avang hian tlawmngai pawlte’n theihtawpin humhalh tur a an
beih a ngai bawk. Mipuite hian chu ram chuan hmasawnna ke a pen theihnan leh
neitu chan chang thin lal hnamte ngei chu Village Council a ni emaw District
council a ni emaw mipui te hian anla iai lo a an thlang lal ta zel a ni.
He
lehkhabu hian ngaihtuahna tam tak min neih tir a, phai ram a dynastic politics
kan tih te Mizoram-ah pawh ‘Lalchhungkua’ tih te nen zawng zawng hian. Hei hian
rahtha a chhuah zel ang em? tih chu khuareiin a la hril dawn a ni. He lehkhabu
hian Tribal politics ruangam lo chhuahna leh khawnge a kal zel dawn tih min
hriat tirin min chhuizawn tir a. Lehkhathiam leh thiamlo thleng a ram hmasawnna
duh tan chuan chhiar ngei ngei chi a ni.
Eng lehkhabu mah hi sawiselbo a awm meuhlo, chumi a nih avang chuan he
lehkhabu-ah pawh hian kher a, keu a, chip neuh neuh chuan sawisel tur chu a awm
ve nual tho mai. Ziah sual awm zauhte, a ziaktu in sawifiah a tum lutukna lam a
ziah nawn a neih leh fo te hian thu chhiar tihfiah lam aimahin min hriatpawlh
tir (confuse) ve tho mai. Chhiar nawn leh fo erawh chuan a tifiahtu tak a ni
lawi si. A saptawng hman hi har tak a hmang lem lo a, dictionary sentence tin a
keu ngai ang kha a ni ve lem lo a. Lehlamah chuan research standard sang tak a
ni lawi si a ni. He lehkhabu-ah hian taihmakna, thawhrimna, thehnemngaihna a in
phum nasa hle ni in ka hria a. A ziaktu hian thulai la (objective) hle in ka
hre bawk. Laifate mai bakah Zohnahthlakte zing a thu ziak ropui, rotling a ni
ngei tih hi he lehkhabu ka khup a ka thu keuhthluk chu a ni. Lai Chieftainship and Its Impact in
Politics chhiar nuam ule.
Wednesday, June 3, 2015
HEI LE! KUM KHAT MODI SORKAR
Malsawmdawngliana
Lailung
Khawvela
Democracy ram lian ber India mipui te aiawh turin Narendra Modi hi ni 26 May 2014 khan India ram Prime minister 15 atan
minister 45 nen lawm luh an ni a. Hetiang ang reng reng a ram chhung mai
nilo sapram chanchinbu thleng a chanchin ngaihven hlawh hi India ramah hian a tam
awm lo e. Chu Modi hruai sorkar chuan ni 365 lai mai an lo hmang ta der mai.
Kum khat chhung hian hmasawnna ropui sawi tham tling han tih hi tu tan pawh
thil har tak a ni ngei ang. India ram media tam zawkte chuan an hnathawh hi
rate sang takah dahin distinction-ah an pass tir rih a ni. Beiseina sang tak
nen a India mite thlir mek hi tehna thenkhat hmangin i han buk ve dawn teh ang.
1) ECONOMY:
“India ramah chuan Economy tha chhawpchhuah hi politics hralh tla lo leh
therhlotete hmasawnna tluan tlinglo zawrh hi Politics tan hamthatna a ni e” ti
a sawi a ni thin. India ram economy sawi danglam zing a thawh hlawk hruaitu
Narashimha Rao, Atal Bihari Vaipayee atanga Chandra Babu Naidu thlengin mipuiin
an lawm chhun zawmlo tih kan hria! Modi hian CM rei tak a lo nihna Gujarat-a
Economy a lo champion pui hmangin India ram thuai danglam a rawn tum a ni, chu a
thil tum chu amah leh a hruai BJP tan hian politics tha a ni em? tih chu hunin
a la hril ang chu. ‘Miretheite sorkar’ ti a inchhal hi lehlamah chuan
Cor-porate ho lungawina economic plan kal pui a sawisel an ni tho!
Prime Minister Narendra Modi hian
sorkarna chan atangin India ram ei leh bar leh dehchhuah lamah thahnemngai
takin hma ala nghal a. Inthlan campaign-a auhla ber pawh “Ni tha a lo herchhuak
dawn e” (Hindi: Achhe din anne wale hain /English: Good days are coming) tih a
ni nghe nghe. Inthlan lai a campaign-na a an auhla zingah India mihausa te’n
ramdang a a ruk a pawisa an chheprel (black money) thin te mumal tak a chhui
chhuah a, chung pawisa te chu India ramah laklet sak an intiam a ni. Sorkarna
an chan atangin black money te lakletna atan theihtawp in Modi-a a sorkar chuan
hma a la ta a, chutiang anga sorkar in hma alak theih nan May ni 11, 2015 khan
Parliament-ah Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets (Imposition of Tax) Bill,
2015 chu putluh a ni ta a ni. He dan hmang hian dan lo a ramdang a pawisa chhep
rel chingte man leh hrem bakah ramdang sorkar nen a chung sumte chu chinfel
theih a ni tawh dawn a ni.
Modi-a sorkar hian mipui vantlang te’n
an chhawr tangkai theih turin tuialhthei man pawh a tlawm thei ang berin an ti hniam
thin a. Kum khat an sorkar chhung May ni
26, 2014 atanga January ni 14, 2015 chhung khan India tuialhthei (crude oil) a
lakluh man chu 60% in a tlahniam a ni ($108.05 per barrel to $43.36 per
barrel).
Modi-a sorkar chuan Nehru ngaihtuahna
atanga lo zi chhuak India in kum 65 a lo kalpui tawh Planning Commission chu
thiat in a aiah National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog a din
thar a, hei hian sorkar laipui leh state sorkar te’n economic leh development
lama chak zawk a hma an lak theihna tur a duan a ni.
Khawvel ram dang te nen a in sumdawn
tawnna tha neih theih nan leh sum peipunna atan Modi-a sorkar chuan India ram
khawpui lian te chei leh tihhmasawnnan Smart
Cities project a duang chhuak a, Union cabinet chuan Smart Cities
Mission senso tur atan hian Rs. Vaibelchhe 48,000 a pawm a ni.
Narendra Modi sorkar chuan kum 2022 ah
chuan India ram a chhungkua zawng zawng ten chenna in an neih vek theih nan hma
la tan a, urban development leh rural development ministry ten khawpui chhung
ah In vaibelchhe 6-2 leh thingtlang ah In vaibelchhe 4 sak na turin hma an la
mek a ni.
Narendra Modi sorkar in kumkhat a tlin
chhung 204-15 hian India ramchhung economy GDP chu 7.3% in a pung a ni.
Thil siamchhuahna tenau zawk leh
sumdawnna liantham lo zawk te’n an hman tangkai theih tur Mudra Bank ti a hriat
lar Micro Units Development Refinance Agency (MUDRA) chu Modi-a sorkar chuan a
hawng a. Mudra bank hian sumdawnna liantham lo vaibelchhe 5.77 te a enkawl in
tanpuina a pe dawn a ni.
Mipui nawlpui ten insurance an neih
theih nan sorkar laipui chuan insurance schemes thar a duang chhuaka hei hi
India mipui vaibelchhe 7.5 ten an hmang tangkai mek a ni.
2.
EXTERNAL AFFAIRS:
India ram Prime Minister leh minister dangte lawmluhna ni –ah chuan India ram
chuan khual zahawm a nei sa hle- SAARC hotu lian tak tak an thu ngir khup mai
kha a ni. He chanchin ti ngaihnawm zualtu chu India hmelma hlun Pakistan
hruaitu te hmel kan hmu leh Sri Lanka President an sawm chungchang kha a ni.
India ram chhunga NDA thawhpui AIADMK leh MDMK
hruaitu te chuan Sri Lanka President lo tel mai hi an sawisel nasa hle
a, sawmlo tura ngenna a nasa hle. Chumai a nilo, an thawhpui thin tho Shiv Sena
phei chuan Pakistan mi lo tel kha a helh hle a nih kha. Tu thusawi mah chu an
bengkhawn lem hleilo a, India ram politics buai fo na thin party te reuh te te
tih lungawi ngai kha chang dang an kan san dawn a ang hle.
Chik taka
thlirtu te tan chuan Foreign Affairs hi sorkar thar chuan an ngaithu tak hle
dawn tih a lang reng mai. Rin ang rengin ram 101 lai mai kumkhat chhungin tlawh
leh inlaichinna siam a ni tawh a! External Affairs hi Sushma Swaraj chan a ni
a, a ni hi kum 1990 -1993 lai a Mizoram governor lo ni tawh Swaraj Kaushal fanu
kha a ni. Kum sawm panga zet mai India ram Prime minister te’n Nepal ram an fan
lo hnuin ram pahnihte inlaichinna ti chak turin Modi chuan a hun rem chang
hmasa berah a tlawh a, hei mai a nilo Sumshma Swaraj chuan minister a nih
atanga a thla hnih ala ral lo tiin nithum chhung awh tur India-Nepal
inlaichinna tur a committee an siam JCM (Joint Commission) ho turin a thlawk lut nghe
nghe a nih kha. Nepal in lirnghing avangin harsatn a tawk a, India sorkar chuan
theihtawpin a chhawm dawl a ni. Modi hian Israel tlawh leh thuai pawh a tum
nghe nghe. India ram chhungah leh pawnah Sanskrit tih lar an tum hle. Germany
sorkar chu tunhnai mai khan MoU siampui tum a proposal thawn a ni a. Hetah hian
German tawng chu additional language a zirin German pawhin Sanskrit emaw India
modern language pakhat tal an ram a zir ve turin an thawn, Engtin tak chhang
ang maw?
Ram dang tlawh a
zin kual bakah hian tun hnai a Iraq leh Yemen a India mite chhanchhuahna
kawngah nasa takin mite fak an hlawh hle. Yemeni nu pakhat India mi pasal a nei
chuan a harsatna te social media twitter hmangin a thawn nasa hle a, minister
chuan media hmang tangkaiin a pui nghe nghe a ni. Mite hmuh vek theih a social
media a mi an tanpui hian external affairs a an chak zia a lantir a, media tam takin
an chhuah chuaih chuaih a ni.
A lehlamah chuan
Make in India (India mite siam) promote tu sorkar hian ramdang nen hian inremna
an siam reng si a, Make in India a ni thei zo zai dawn a mi tih hi mi thenkhat
te zawhna a nita reng mai. Heng bakah hian hetiang khawp a zinchhuak hian enge
an sawi chhuah tak tih hi oppositionte zawhna lian ber a ni bawk.
3) DEFENCE: Tun hma lam atang khan NDA/BJP
hruai sorkar hi hindu nationalism ngaipawimawh leh promote-tu te an nih avangin
ram venhimna lamah hi chuan party dang ai a duh hriam deuh a ngaih an ni thin. A.K. Antony fimkhur luat avanga
che muang thin a puh te ai chuan Defence minister Manohar
Parrikar
chu che chak deuh a ngaih a ni. Make in India rawn chawilianin India rama siam
theih ang ang chu ralthuam pawh siam tum a ni a. India leh ramdang inkar ramri
chungchang nasa zawk a ngiahtuah te, one rank one pension tih te chu an in tiam
kamna a ni. French sorkar atanga Rafales Jet
leichung chang a fel lawklo chu minister thar hian a rawn chingfel ta a.
He Jet thatak 36 hi India chuan a nei tawh mai dawn a ni. Kashmir tuilian
chhanchhuahna-ah te, Yemen atanga India mite hruai chhuahna kawngah Defence
ministry hi an thawk tha hle a ni. Hetih lai hian sorkar chu an policy ber Make
in India chu ngaihthahah opposition te chuan an puh ve thung bawk.
4)
MHRD:
Thil mak deuh mai chu Smriti Irani lehkhathiam sanglo takin MHRD minister a
chang tlat mai kha a ni. India ram henu hnathawh hi a hre chak a ni, dingdihlipin
a hnathawhte kan lo thlir thuap a. He sorkar tharin an tiam a chu New
Educational Policy an tih a hnuai atanga a sang siam that chhoh (Bottoms-up)
kha a ni. Hei hian a tum ber chu mitlemte mithiam emaw in a policy thlak
danglam tawhlo in, mipui tam zawk, block, district leh state level a mite
duhdanin he thil inthlak danglamah hian aw an nei thei dawn a ni. Heng bakah
hian Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) college level thleng a tih an tum a,
chumi tur chuan hma anla ta reng a ni. Hemi tur hian thu khauh tak mai chhuah a
ni a. Delhi University-a zirtirtu te phei chuan an dodal nasa hle. He system hi
India ram zirna hmun hrang hranga exam result tehna hrang nuai mai hrut rualna
tur leh hnalatu te tan pawh awlsam an rin vang a rawn ti chhuak an ni.
Amaherawhchu, he systemah hian exam, test evaluation a tam avangin hna a ti tam
a, chumai bakah sumdawng awn zirna system ang hialin a duhlo tu te chuan an
sawisel a ni. UGC leh AICTE endiktu tur committee siam an tiam bawk a ni.
Zirlaite tan scholarship Ishan Vikas, Ishan Uday leh Pragati te an rawn ti
chhuak bawk a. Mizoram a zirlaite pawhin he scholarship hi kan lo la tan der
tawh bawk.
Hetihlai hian
ministry chuan sawiselna tam tak a tawk ve bawk. Delhi University Undergraduate
Programme kum li thlak chungchangah te, Kendriya Vidalaya third language-a an
zir German, Sanskrit a thlak tak daih te, Good Governance Day Krismas ni kher a
hman an han ti tlat mai te, Indian Council of Historical Research-a mi
pawimawhte RSS mi leh sa Hindu sakhua promote duhte an dah hmiah hmiah mai te
hi a ni. Tun hnai vai a NCERT director Parvin
Sinclair, IIT Delhi director R Shevgaonkar leh IIT Bombay board of governors
chairman Anil Kakodkar an bang suau mai te chuan mi a barakhaih hle. Tunah hian
University hrang hrang hrang a Vice Chancellor post tamtak hi tihkhah/lak an la
nilo bawk. Mizoram lamin kan bengkhawn deuh Budget a SSA sum an ti hniam chiam
mai hi a ni bawk.
5) HEALTH: Health minister thar Harshvardhan chu
JP Nadda chuan reilo te-ah a rawn thlak thut mai a. He sorkar tharin atira a
ngaihpawimawh chu Mitinte hnen-a hriselna tha zawk tiam leh zuk leh hmuam
chungchangah te a ni. Minister an thlak khan Mission Indradhanush Immunisation
lamah nasatakin hma an rawn la ta a. India Newborn Action Plan chu September
2014-ah tihchhuah a ni a. Heng bakah hian A national deworming programme te, A
National Health Portal te, National Mental Health Policy te hi an tih lar zual
te chu a ni. Health lam hi opposition lamte chuan minister chaklo-ah an puh a.
File reng rengte chu PMO leh Secretaries te inkarah thlawk kual thin leh
minister hian a hna chanpual awm ze hrelo leh awmlo ang hialah an puh bawk.
6) HOME: Home Minister Rajnath Singh khan charge alak chiah khan Helho
(Left Wing Extremist) ho hmachhawnna thar leh Pakistan, Bangladesh leh
Afghanistan atanga tihduhdah/nghaisak tuarte tan hunrei tak India cham theihna
Visa pek a tiam a ni. Mitu emaw helho emaw kut lo tuar ta se sorkar chuan nuai
thum a pek thin kha nuainga ah a san a, heng bakah hian Delhi leh UT hmun a
Police a lak zinga za a sawm thum pathum chu hmeichhia an ni. DGPs of Central
Armed Police Forces (CAPF) chu thil lei na sum hman chungchangah thuneihna tam
zawk pek an ni. Heng bakah hian 60
cadres of Assam’s NDFB(S) kum 2014-a mi 78 lai thah chungchanga in hnamhnawihte
an man bawk.
Leslee Udwin Documentary lartak mai
India’s Daughter- kum 2012 Delhi a mi tam takin mipakhat an pawngsual
chungchang film chu an khap tlat mai a. Home Secretary Anil Goswami in Matang
Sinh Sardha Scam chungchang a CBI Officialte man tir a puhin ban a nih hi
opposition ho chuan an bauh let nasa hle. Chumai bakah State hrang hrangte
Governor a siksawi nasa hle, a bikin Mizoram phei chuan kan nei zing hle a nih
hi.
7) URBAN DEVELOPMENT: India ram bal em em mai leh
hmun tin a ek thlah dah tihreh nan Swachch Bharat mission chu nikum khan tan a
ni a. Sum thahnem tak ni kumah vaibelchhe 859
leh kumin atan vaibelchhe 1,000 hman leh ruahman a ni. Zoramah ngei pawh
he scheme avang hian kan ram hruaituten tual lai an phiat lauh lauh a ni. He
scheme-ah hian mimal Ek In vaibelchhe 1.04 siam te, mipui hman tur Ek In nuai 5.08
siam te a ni. Heng bakah hian Smart City za siam an tiam a, hei erawh hi chu la
thlan fel a la ni lo. Kum 2022-a mitin tan In neih tih chu hmalakna a la awm
meuh lo bawk.
8)
RURAL DEVELOPMENT: Prime Minister Programme Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana leh Congress
bul lo tan tawh MGNREGA leh Swachh Bharat Abhiyan te chu hmachhawp langsar zual
te an ni. Minister Birender Kumar India thingtlang mite tan theih tawpin hma a
la ve a, mi retheite tanpuina anmahni a thlen ngei theihna turin mobile
monitoring system an tih an hmang a, mimal tana Bank account siam in pawisa an
dawng ta zung zung mai. Narendra
Modi sorkar chuan hmun hrang hrangah thilsiamchhuahna hmunpui (Industry) te din
nan sorkar in mimal ram a mamawh thin avangin dan thar Land
Acquisition Bill chu
parliament a putluh turin a duang mek a ni. He dan thar ah hian ram neitu
kuthnathawk a eizawng te’n an ram chu sorkar in thilsiamchhuahna leh hmasawnna
atana ruahmnanna a neih ah te a laksak a nih chuan an ram neih hlut zawng hu
tawk pawisa a zangna dawmna an chan theih nan he dan hi duan a ni. Hei tak mai
hi loneitu tamna India ram-ah chuan Loneitute hamthatna ngailo angin opposition
te chuan an sawisel nasa hle a ni.
9) MINORITIES
AFFAIRS:
Najma Heptulla enkawl he ministry hian hnam
hnuaihnung zawk te thilsiam chawilen leh tura theihtawp chhuah kha an tum ber
pakhat a ni. He ministry ah hian Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) hmangin
hnamhnuaihnungte kutah ngei a semtu hran awm tawhlo in scholarshipte an sem
thei a. An tiam ang ngeiin India mite thil siambik hmasawnna turin project thar
USTAD chu Varanasi-ah karhmasa lawk khan tih a ni. The Maulana Azad National Academy for Skills pawh din a ni
tawh bawk. Hna tha tak thawk bawk mahse leh lamah chuan “India mite zawng zawng
hi Hindu an ni e” tih avangte in sawisel an hlawh nasa hle. Opposition te chuan
mahni a ngaihtuah chhuah thar an nei meuhlo pahnih khat bak chu he ministry enkawltu
hian a ngaihna a hrelo a ni tiin an bei nasa hle. An programme kal pui hi eng a
an dawn hriat ala ni lo a, ngawi reng a lo la thlir mai chi a ni.
10)
RAILWAYS: A hranpa ngata budget pharh thin Railways Ministry hi tu pawh
sorkar se ngaihnawm tak a ni ziah. Budget-in a tiam te chu Foreign direct
investment te, Project 30 awmsa tana pawisa tamtak dah leh hmasawna tur a
hmalak te, Rel leh Station bal lutuk tihfai te a ni hlawm a. Hei mai bakah hian
Modi hian rang taka hmasawnna a awm theihnan ruahmanna bik a siam nghe nghe a
ni. November khan Minister DV Sadananda Gowda chu Suresh Prabhu-in a rawn thlak
a, posi an la tha leh chu hmasawnna a ti muang ta ruih mai. January khan kum
hnih chhung appointment an tih Railway Board memberte leh General Managerte an
ruat fel thei ta a. Hmasawnna langsar zualah chuah passenger thil dawn tih
changkan deuh te, e-catering an tih mai te, mobile application hmanga ticket
lak theih dan te, station thenkhata wifi dah te, hmeichhia himna tur ngaihtuah
te hi a ni mai awm e. Hei mai bakah hian la tih lemloh hmalakna an nei nual a
Coach tin a CCTV dah te, ram dang a tanga Electric Train lei te a ni. Train
speed pangai bakin an la tlan tir thei lo a, hun dik taka thlen a chhuah lamah
tun hma kha an pha lo bawk. Sum tamtak dahna faina chungchangah hmasawnna a la
awm meuhlo a, a balh ngai in station te a la bal hle. Direct Investment
chengkhat pawh India ram a lo la thlenglo bawk. Modi a tiam Bullet Train hi chu
la nghah a ngai dawn a nih hmel e.
File pawimawh tam
tak hi PMO a luh tak avang leh mitin te’n Bank Account nei tur a hmalakna
avangin thil engkim hi a direct ta em em a, eirukna a tlahniam hle. Hetih lai
hian Modi nilo a thurualpuite hian hmasawnna ai Hindu lalna ram an tin zawn
thin avangin abikin hnam hnuai hnung (Minorities) te’n harsatna an tawk nasa
hle. India ram hmun hrang hrangah Hindu pathian Bawngsa ei khap-na tur a hmalak
mek a ni a. Kristian Biak In tam tak suasam mek a ni bawk. Sorkar hmasawnna tur
ruahmanna-ah hian state sorkar chet tam a ngaih avangin awm-awl ching state
thenkhat chu an lung a muang meuh lo. Kuthnathawkte ai a sumdawng company leh
Industry neitute ngaihsak zawkah he sorkar hi puh a ni mek bawk. Lehlamah chuan
tunhnai a India ram political party pakhat sorkarna siam ngailo, party lian ber
pawhin party te neuh neuh an thurualpuite lungawina ngaihtuah reng ngai kha a
lo awm ta lo a, thuvuakthlak a khauh ta deuh. An economic plan hi BJP in
sorkana an chanlohna hmun state a chakna an neih theihnan a an policy pakhat a
nih tel avangin hmasawnna tak tak an thupuilo e, tih hi mi thenkhat ngaihdan a
ni bawk. Engpawh nise, ilo thlir zel phawt ang.
Friday, May 1, 2015
Enteh, a lo herchhuak leh dawn ta :)
Blog lamah hun ka pe hman ta meuhlo! Achhan chu lehkhabu ka ziak ve a ni. Ka research tih lai khan Mizo chanchin saptawnga ziah hi a awm lo hle a. Library leh Arc
Kan hnam nilo hnam dangah kan piang tawh dawnlo a, kan hnam kan ngaihsan leh chawisan hi kan bat ve a ni. Ram leh hnam ka vei ve dan leh thiam dan ber a ni. Tun hma khan ka insit thei lutuk a ziah hi ka ngamlo thin. Kei aia thiam zawk ni a ka hriatte an chet duhloh avangin a nikhualo ber hian ka ziak leh mai thin ang. An duh leh tha zawkte chu rawn ziak leh ang hmiang, a tlem lutuk hi a zia lo.
Monday, March 23, 2015
Zo hnahthlakte thlang tlak dan
Zo hnahthlak hrang hrangte hi \awngzir mi(Linguist)
te chuan Tibeto Burman hnuaiah min rin lut a. Tibeto Burman hnuai a hnam hrang
hrang te hi China ram a\anga rawn pem thla in, tun hma chuan China chhim thlang
lam Yang Tse leh Hoang-ho luipui kam a cheng tawh te ni a sawi a ni (Lehman
11).[1] DGE Hall
lehkhabu “A History of South-East Asia”-ah chuan Gobi thlaler, Tibet hmarchhak
lam emaw Kansu hmun lai te hi an rawn chhuahna niin a sawi ve thung. Sangkima
chuan China chhim lam a\anga thlang rawn tla thla \an ni in a sawi bawk
(Sangkima 2004:20). A eng a pawh chu ni se Mizo historian tu pawh mai hian
China lam chhuak kan nih hi chu tuman an ringhlel awm lo e.
Burma Kawlphai luh thu: He an thlang tlak dan hi ngaihnawm tak a
ni a, an kal dan hi \huang thum lian tak tak te a \hen a ni a. A \huang khatna
hi Pyu, Arakanese, Kachin leh hnam te an ni a. |huang hnihna leh \huang thumna
hi Shan, Tai, Karen, Mon-Khmer leh midangte ni a sawi a ni. Zo hnahthlak te hi
\huang khatna-a rawn thlang tla ve luipui kam rawn zawh zelin Chindwind luipui
kam hi a lo thleng thla a ni (Kipgen
1997:37). Chindwind luipui kam a\ang hian thlang lamah tawlh zelin Kabaw Valley
an tih ‘Kawphai’ an lo thleng a. Hetih hun lai hian Kawlho nen hian rei tak
chhung chu an cheng ho ni a sawi a ni. Zo hnanthlak te’n kawlhnam, kawlhrei,
Kawltu, Kawlbahra, Kawlhai, Kawlthei, Kawlfung, Kawlhren, Kawlper leh a dang te
hi an ni nen a chen ho a\ang a kan neih a ni (cited in Lalrimawia 1995:13). Hemi
hnu hian he hmun a\ang hian Zo hnahthlak te thinlung a lai luahlumtu Khampat
hmunah hian an in suan leh a (K. Zawla 2011:8). Pu K Zawla hian hetih hunlai hi 950 AD ni in a
chhut. He hun hi hun chin chhiah tlak tak a ni reng mai achhan chu Khampat
hmunah hian Zo hnathlak hrang hrang te a bikin Chin, Burma awm ta te hi
lungrual taka an luangza na hmun a ni a, \awng chikhat an hmang ni in Pu
Mangkhosat Kipgen chuan a sawi nghe nghe (Kipgen 1997:39). He hmunah hian kum
zabi hnih lai chu an khawsa nghe nghe a, amaherawh chu an lal thar ber nunrawng
vang leh luilian vak mai chuan an awmna te a rawn tih chhiat avangin loh
theihloh in an pem a lo ngai ta a ni (K. Zawla 2011:11). Amaherawh chu Pu B
Lalthangliana hian Pu K Zawla ngaihdan ang ni lo ngaihdan dang deuh a rawn nei ve bawk. Ani
ngaihdanah chuan an hmelmate’n an rawn beih vangin a sawi thung, a hunbi-ah
pawh Khampat an chhuahsan hun hi 1200AD ai chuan a hma theilo tiin a rawn sawi
bawk.
Khampat an chen hunlai hi Mizo history-ah
chuan hun chhinchhiah tlak tak a ni a. An chhuahsan dawn hian Khampat Bung an
phun a, a zung hian lei a thlen hunah kan let leh ang tih kha an ngaihdan a ni,
he an let leh ngei dawn tih hi an bul a awm Burma mi te hriatah an chham kher
tiin Pu Mangkhosat Kipgen chuan a sawi bawk (Kipgen 1997:40-41). Khampat
history a pawimawh em em na chhan chu Zo hnahthlak tam tak hian kan \obul kan
sawi hian kan thinlung a a dai loh vek vang a ni. Chumi avang chuan hnam ang a
zaikhat a kan luanna chungchangah hian hmanraw \ha tak pakhat a ni.
CHIN HILLS
Khampat a\anga an chhuak hi Zo hnathlak
hrang hrangte hi kan kal darh \an ta ni in a lang a. |henkhat te chuanChin
Hills tan tlang leh tan tlang lo te in Manipur thleng te in an kal ta hlawm a.
Heng hnam te hi Paite, Simte, Haokip leh Thado hnam te ni a ngaih a ni (Kipgen
1997:41). A tam zawk hian chhim thlang
lamah tawlh thla zelin Tiddim, Falam leh Haka ah tea wm hmun an khuar a, a
\hente phei chu kal zelin Zotung, Matupi leh Mara ho phei chu Mizoram chhim
tawp lam thlengin an tawlh thla ta zel a ni (ibid:40). Heng bakah hian Pautu
te, Hualngo, Khawlhring, Darlong, Hmar, Thado, Gangte leh an chipui hnamte |iau
kanin an kal ta zel a, Mizoram hmun hi an thleng ta ni in an sawi.
Lusei te, Ralte, Chawngthu,
Khiangte, Hauhnar, Chuaungo, Chuauhang, Ngente, Punte, Parte leh midang te pawh
Chin Hills-ah hian an lut thla zel a. Thantlang leh Run lui kam velah hian
1250-1400 AD hunlai vel khan an lo cheng tawh a. Thantlang leh Run lui kam chu
chhuahsanin Lentang leh |iau hmunah te hian 1450-1700 AD (Lalthangliana
2001:105). Chin Hills an awmlai hian
khuate an din a, hnam bil angin a hran \heuhin an awm hlawm a. Khampat hunlai a
khawlian deuh erawh chu ram lei lungin a zirloh avangin an din thei lo a ni.
Hemi avang hian a hma ang a inpumkhatna ang kha an nei theihloh phah deuh ni in
a lang.
Rev
Liangkhaia (1976:23) khan sakhuana kan neih \anna bul ni in he hun lai hi a
sawi a. Hetih hunlai hi Zo hnahthlak
zing a Luseiho lal neih hun ni a sawi a ni bawk.
LUSHAI
HILLS/MIZORAM THLEN THU
A
hma kan sawi tawh ang khan Zo hnahthlak hnam hrang hrangte hi thlang tla zelin
Chin Hills a\angin Mizoram, Tripura, Assam leh Manipur thlengin an in zarpharh
a. Dr. Rinmawia chuan |iau kan hmasaber
te hi Kumzabi 16-na hunlai hawl vel ni in, Hrangkhawl, Darlawng, Biate, Hmar te
ninin Mizoram mai bakah Cachar leh
Tripura-ah chhuk zelin a sawi (Lalrimawia 1995:15). Heng mite hi Old-Kuki ti a
kan koh te an ni. A \um hnihna hi Thado, Jangshen ni leh in a kal hmasa ho nawr thla zel tut e ni a ngaih
an ni a. Mahse heng hnam te pawh hi Luseiho in an nawr thla ve bawk ni a sawi a
ni, an ni hi thlangtla hnu hnung ber a ngaih an ni a (Sangkima 2000:26). Sailo
ho bik thlang tlak hun hi kum zabi sawm pasarihna hnulam a\anga kumzabi sawm
pakuana hun tir am thleng a ngaih a ni. Khawchhak (Chin Hills) a awm Pawi te
hian an khua-ah chhiah an khawn fo avang in Sailo lal pasarih te hian 1740 AD khan
Selesih Sangsarih kan tih chu an lo din ta a ni.
Lusei hnam bik te hi Selesih a\ang
chuan pem darh lehin Mizoram hmun hrang hrang an in \aidarh ta hlawm a ni.
References:
Kipgen, Mangkhosat. 1997. Christianity and Mizo Culture, Aizawl: Mizo Theological Conference
Lalrimawia.1995. Mizoram: History and Culture Identity (1890-1947), Guwahati: Spectrum Publications.
Lalthangliana, B. 1977. History of Mizo in Burma. Aizawl
Lalthangliana, B. 2001. Mizo Chanchin, Aizawl:RTM Press
Hall, D.G.E.1981. A history of South-East Asia: St. Martin's Press
Liangkhaia.1976. Mizo Chanchin, Aizawl: Mizo Academy of Letters
Sangkima.2004. Essay on the History of the Mizos. Guwahati: Spectrum Publication
Zawla, K. 2011. Mizo Pi Pute leh an Thlahte Chanchin. Aizawl: Lalnipuii
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)